Journal Title: Jurnal Simetrik (Sipil, Mesin, Listrik) Initials: JS Frequency: Twice a year on June and December Online ISSN: 2581-2866 Print ISSN: 2302-9579 DOI Prefix 10.31959 Publisher: P3M Politeknik Negeri Ambon Jurnal Simetrik adalah jurnal yang memberikan informasi ilmiah tentang perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi bidang Teknik Listrik, Teknik Mesin dan Teknik Sipil. Jurnal Simetrik diterbitkan dua kali dalam setahun yaitu pada bulan Juni dan bulan Desember. p-ISSN:2302-9579 dan e-ISSN: 2581-2866 DOI Prefix 10.31959
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (P3M) Politeknik Negeri Ambon
PENERAPAN COST SIGNIFICANT MODEL UNTUK ESTIMASI BIAYA PROYEK REHABILITASI RUANG KELAS BELAJAR PADA SEKOLAH NEGERI DI PROVINSI MALUKU
This research examines the application of the Cost Significant Model (CSM) for estimating costs in classroom rehabilitation projects at public schools in Maluku Province. Given the region’s challenging geographical characteristics and the urgent need to improve educational infrastructure, accurate and efficient cost estimation methods are essential to prevent budget overruns and delays. The study collects and analyzes historical budget data from similar projects implemented between 2019 and 2024. By identifying the most significant cost items that contributed to the largest share to total expenses, the CSM allows for targeted resource allocation and effective risk mitigation. The research employs quantitative methods, including inflation adjustments and multiple regression analysis, to develop a predictive cost estimation model. Model accuracy is assessed using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), which shows a low average error of just 2.26%, confirming CSM’s effectiveness and consistency with previous studies. The findings demonstrate that CSM is both efficient and reliable for early-stage cost estimation in educational facility rehabilitation, especially when detailed project information is limited. The study recommends integrating CSM with conventional methods for optimal results as project data availability improves. Keywords: Construction Cost Estimation, Cost Significant Model, Project Management
Copyright (c) 2026 Yesia Tahapari, Giovianne Friensty Marantika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
IDENTIFIKASI PENCAHAYAAN ALAMI GEDUNG SEKOLAH MUHAMMADIYAH AMBON BERDASARKAN SNI 03-6197-2000
This study aims to evaluate the levels of natural and artificial lighting in the Muhammadiyah School Ambon building based on SNI 03-6197-2000. The research was conducted in 15 rooms, including classrooms and supporting spaces, using a descriptive quantitative method with direct measurements obtained through a lux meter.The results indicate that all rooms have lighting levels below the minimum standard requirement of 250 lux for classrooms. Inadequate lighting is caused by limited window openings, obstructed room positions, and building designs that do not support optimal daylight penetration, combined with insufficient artificial lighting conditions.This study concludes that the lighting system at Muhammadiyah School Ambon does not meet visual comfort standards. Improvements to artificial lighting, optimization of natural lighting, and regular maintenance of lighting installations are recommended to enhance the quality of the learning environment. Keyword: Lighting School Indonesian National Standard Sni 03-6197-2000, Lux Meter Classroom Visual Evalution
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeams Huwae, F.A Sangadji, Felix Taihuttu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Tinjauan Kapasitas Dan Pelayanan Pada Pelabuhan Ferry: Studi Kasus Pada Pelabuhan Ina Marina Di Kecamatan Kota Masohi, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah
Ina Marina Ferry Port in Kota Masohi plays an important role in connecting various islands in the Central Maluku Regency and serves as the main access point for residents and tourists traveling to destinations across the Maluku region. The purpose of this research is to identify internal and external factors that influence the port's capacity and services, and to analyze its facilities, including the waiting area and parking lot. The findings show that Ina Marina Ferry Port has several strengths, such as its strategic location, adequate pier, affordable tariffs, and basic facilities. However, weaknesses were identified, including a limited waiting area, the absence of gender-separated toilets, inefficiencies in the ticketing system, and inadequate facilities for larger vehicles. Externally, the port faces opportunities such as increasing passenger demand, development of new routes, potential investment, and tourism partnerships, alongside threats including competition, government regulations, weather conditions, environmental risks, and rising operational costs. Capacity analysis using the arithmetic method indicates that the waiting area and motorcycle parking lot will not meet the projected demand in 2034, while facilities for four-wheel and six-wheel vehicles remain adequate. Service analysis using SWOT places the port in Quadrant III (WO), suggesting that the main strategy is to leverage external opportunities to address internal weaknesses. Keywords : Capacity, Service, Ina Marina Port, Arithmetic, SWOT
Copyright (c) 2026 Isak Lilipory, Jacob Breemer, Sri Utami Meladya Eko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
TINJAUAN RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA DAN PENJADWALAN SESUAI CONTRACT CHANGE ORDER (CCO) BERDASARKAN AHSP PUPR NO 8 TAHUN 2023 PADA PEMBANGUNAN KANTOR KEJAKSAAN NEGERI TUAL
A construction project is a series of activities carried out to achieve development objectives within specific constraints of time, cost, and quality. During its implementation, challenges often arise in the form of work changes, which can occur in the early, middle, or late stages of the project. This study aims to identify costs in accordance with the Contract Change Order (CCO) and to plan the implementation duration for the construction of the Tual District Attorney's Office. The method used includes the Unit Price Analysis (Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan/AHSP) No. 8 of 2023 for Budget Plan (RAB) calculations and the S-curve for schedule planning. The results show that the total cost of work excluding VAT is IDR 1,613,322,071.78, and the implementation period according to the CCO is 210 calendar days. Therefore, the estimated cost required for the CCO work including 11% VAT is IDR 1,790,780,000.00, with a project duration of 210 calendar days. Keywords: AHSP, CCO, Construction Project, RAB, S-Curve
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarmina Palahidu, La Mohamat Saleh, Margie Civitaria Siahay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS STRUKTUR ATAS GEDUNG ASRAMA PUTRI KAMPUS II SMKKN MANOKWARI MENGGUNAKAN METODE KEKUATAN BATAS
A building structure is an assembly and arrangement of various elements designed in such a way that it can withstand external and self-loads without experiencing deformation beyond allowable limits. The construction of the female dormitory building at Campus II of SMKKN Manokwari has not yet been carried out according to the plan; therefore, a structural analysis is necessary to determine the magnitude of the internal forces acting and the reinforcement system. The method used is the limit strength method with the assistance of SAP2000 v.22 software. Based on the analysis results, the forces acting on the cross-section are an average support moment of 56.33 kN·m, an average field moment of 34.28 kN·m, an average shear force of 72.81 kN, and an axial force on the column of 250.08 kN. The reinforcement calculations resulted in reinforcement for the column, beam, and slab cross-sections using D16 bars, with shear reinforcement using Ø10 bars, thus classifying the cross-section as under-reinforced. Keywords : Internal forces, Structure, Ultimate strength
Copyright (c) 2026 Ramla Arfayani Umarella, Pieter Lourens Frans, Delvia Rimesye Apalem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PERANCANGAN ALAT MONITORING TEGANGAN DAN ARUS LISTRIK BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ARDUINO UNTUK RUMAH
The increasing household electricity consumption drives the need for effective monitoring systems to optimize energy usage and enhance electrical installation safety. This research develops a prototype monitoring device based on an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, integrated with a ZMPT101B voltage sensor and an ACS712-30A current sensor, to measure electrical parameters in real time. The research methodology employs a quantitative experimental approach with stages including hardware design, firmware development, sensor calibration, and accuracy validation using standard measuring instruments. The system features a 20x4 LCD interface for local display and an ESP8266 module for transmitting data to the Blynk platform, enabling remote monitoring via a mobile application. Testing results demonstrate excellent accuracy, with Mean Absolute Percentage Errors of 0.69% for voltage, 1.66% for current, and 1.76% for active power. System response time reaches 87 milliseconds with data transmission latency of 1.45 seconds, meeting real-time monitoring standards. The notification system successfully detects overvoltage and overcurrent conditions with 99% reliability and an average response time of 92 milliseconds. Testing across various load types shows optimal performance at a power factor above 0.85. This system offers a cost-effective solution to improve energy efficiency and the safety of household electrical installations, with an affordable implementation cost. Keywords: ACS712 sensor, Arduino, Energy Monitoring, Internet of Things, ZMPT101B sensor
Copyright (c) 2026 Erick Radwitya, Syarif Ishak Alkadri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS POTENSI PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN UNTUK PEMENUHAN KEBUTUHAN AIR BERSIH DI NEGERI PASSO BENTENG KARANG KECAMATAN BAGUALA, KOTA AMBON
Negeri Passo Benteng Karang, a hamlet in Baguala Sub-district, is located in a hilly area with rocky soil, making it challenging to access groundwater sources. Despite having one borehole and a single reservoir, the community frequently faces clean water shortages, as the current supply is insufficient for daily needs. To address this issue, a cost-effective and efficient solution, namely rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH), is proposed. This study analyzes climate, rainfall using the Gumbel method, community water demand, planned discharge using the rational method, and the potential of RWH. The results indicate a maximum harvestable water volume of 4,133.5 m³/day with rainfall exceeding 100 mm, while the clean water demand is 144 m³/day. Thus, the clean water needs of Negeri Passo Benteng Karang can be fully met through the implementation of the RWH method. Keywords: Clean Water, Rainfall, Rainwater Harvesting
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Cantika Putri, Warniyati, Monica R. Tutkey, Tri O. Sihombing https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
DAMPAK ALIH FUNGSI TROTOAR TERHADAP KINERJA OPERASIONALNYA DI JL. AHMAD YANI, KABUPATEN SIDOARJO
The conversion of sidewalks into parking areas and informal activity spaces remains a persistent issue that reduces the quality of pedestrian facilities and disrupts their primary function as safe, comfortable, and barrier-free public spaces. This study examines the impact of such conversions on sidewalk operational performance through field observations using a quantitative approach, including measurements of pedestrian flow, walking speed, density levels, and movement space across three different time periods. The results indicate a significant decline in service levels, characterized by increased movement barriers, reduced effective lane width, and decreased accessibility. The variables of travel time and density also show reduced performance in segments with higher economic activity. These findings highlight the need for spatial reorganization through infrastructure improvements, regulation of informal activities, and consistent enforcement of policies. Inclusive design approaches and strategies such as street diets, as recommended in international studies, can serve as references for improving sidewalk quality to ensure they remain safer, more functional, and more equitable. Keywords: Conversion Of Sidewalks, Operational Performance Of Sidewalks, Pedestrian Paths
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadhilatuz Zahroh, Ika Naya Guruwati, Mega Ayundya Widiastuti, Novi Puspitasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PEMODELAN BANGKITAN PERJALANAN KERJA RUMAH TANGGA BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN AKSES TRANSPORTASI MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN REGRESI LOGISTIK
Urban transportation demand is strongly influenced by household socioeconomic characteristics and accessibility to transportation infrastructure. Understanding the determinants of work trip generation is essential for urban transport planning and policy formulation. This study aims to model household work trip generation based on socioeconomic characteristics and transportation accessibility using a logistic regression approach. Data were collected through a household questionnaire survey conducted in urban residential areas with 320 respondents. The variables analyzed include household income, number of family members, number of working household members, vehicle ownership, and accessibility to public transportation. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability of households generating higher work trips. The results indicate that household income, number of working members, vehicle ownership, and accessibility to public transportation significantly influence work trip generation. Households with higher income and better transport accessibility tend to generate more work trips. The model achieved a Nagelkerke R² value of 0.41, indicating a moderate explanatory capability. The developed model can support travel demand forecasting and provide useful insights for transportation planning policies in urban areas. Keywords: Household Travel Demand, Logistic Regression, Socioeconomic Factors, Transport Accessibility, Trip Generation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Balqis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS JARI JARI DAN KEMIRINGAN JALAN TERHADAP KECEPATAN KENDARAAN
Road geometric conditions are one of the key factors influencing the safety and comfort of road users. Inappropriate geometric elements, particularly on horizontal curves, can increase the risk of traffic accidents. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of curve radius and cross slope (superelevation) in relation to vehicle speed on the Trans Sulawesi Road section located in Bakti Village, Pulubala District, Gorontalo Regency. The research employed field surveys and geometric calculation analysis based on the 2021 Guidelines for Intercity Road Geometric Design. The collected data included curve radius, curve angle, superelevation, and the average vehicle speed at six curve segments selected as the research objects. The analysis results indicate that among the six evaluated curves, only one curve with a radius of 109 m satisfies the recommended safety criteria. The remaining five curves have relatively small radii, which may potentially increase the risk of traffic accidents. In addition, one curve was found to have a superelevation value of 8.71%, exceeding the recommended maximum limit of 8%. These findings indicate that several geometric elements of the road segment do not fully comply with the established geometric design standards. Therefore, improvements in road safety are required through geometric design adjustments and the installation of warning signs to enhance the safety and comfort of road users. Keyword: Curve Radius, Road Geometry, Superelevation, Vehicle Speed
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasir Bumulo, Wawan Rauf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PENILAIAN KONDISI PERKERASAN JALAN PADA RUAS JALAN AMAHUSU-LATUHALAT KOTA AMBON
The development of reliable road infrastructure serves as a key pillar in supporting regional connectivity, logistics distribution, and economic growth. In Indonesia, connectivity improvement policies have become a priority in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020–2024 as an effort to accelerate equitable development, particularly in underdeveloped and archipelagic areas. This study aims to evaluate the pavement condition and determine the level of damage severity on the Amahusu–Latuhalat road segment in Ambon City using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method based on ASTM D6433. In addition, this study seeks to identify the distribution of pavement condition categories and propose appropriate maintenance strategies based on the obtained PCI values. The results indicate that the average PCI value of the 20 observed segments is 77.1, which falls into the “Good” category. The distribution shows that 35% of segments are in “Very Good” condition, 40% in “Good,” 10% in “Fair,” and 15% in “Poor.” These findings indicate that the pavement is still functionally adequate, although localized deterioration has occurred in several segments. Therefore, periodic maintenance and targeted rehabilitation are required to maintain pavement performance. Keywords: Pavement Condition Index; Road damage; Flexible pavement; Ambon City; Road maintenance
Copyright (c) 2026 Carlos Lekatompessy, Sammy G. M. Amaheka, Febrino Wangean https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS KUALITAS PELAYANAN MODA TRANSPORTASI LAUT (KM CANTIKA LESTARI 10C) RUTE AMB0N–WEDA
Sea transportation plays a vital role in supporting inter-island connectivity in Indonesia, particularly in archipelagic regions such as Maluku Province. As a region consisting of numerous islands, Maluku relies heavily on sea transportation to facilitate economic, social, and cultural activities. Therefore, the quality of sea transportation services is an important factor in ensuring passenger satisfaction and service sustainability. This study aims to evaluate the quality of sea transportation services on KM Cantika Lestari 10C operating on the Ambon–Weda route based on passenger perceptions, and to identify priority aspects for service improvement using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The study employed a quantitative approach using questionnaire data collected from passengers. The IPA method was used to analyze the level of importance and performance of service attributes, which were then mapped into four quadrants to determine priority improvements. The results show that the average performance score of service quality is 86.06, indicating that the overall service is categorized as “very good.” Most service attributes meet passenger expectations; however, several aspects related to safety and security fall into priority improvement categories. These include routine inspection of the ship’s technical condition and ensuring that safety equipment such as lifebuoys, lifeboats, and fire extinguishers are in proper condition and easily accessible. In conclusion, the service quality of KM Cantika Lestari 10C is generally very good, but improvements in safety and security aspects are necessary to enhance passenger satisfaction and ensure sustainable service quality. Keywords: Sea Transportation; Service Quality; Importance Performance Analysis; Passenger Satisfaction; KM Cantika Lestari
Copyright (c) 2026 Irsan Bahdir Juliet G. Metekohy, Febrino Wangean https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PERANCANGAN SISTEM KELISTRIKAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA (PLTS) OFF-GRIID DI DUSUN KODMARA DESA ROHOMONI KECAMATAN PULAU HARUKU
This study aims to design an Off-Grid Solar Power Plant (PLTS) system in Kodamara Hamlet, Rohomoni Village, Pulau Haruku District, which is not yet connected to the PLN electricity grid. This PLTS is designed to utilize solar energy as a renewable energy source. The study began with data collection regarding daily energy consumption and location characteristics. This data was then processed to calculate the daily energy load and optimal system capacity. The analysis results show that the total daily energy requirement reaches 16,452 Wh with a peak load of 2,582 W. The designed PLTS system consists of 16 350 Wp monocrystalline solar panels, 2 units of 75V/15A MPPT Solar Charge Controllers (SCC), 18 units of 48V/1000 Ah OpzV batteries combined in parallel, and 3 units of 5000W inverters. This design is considered feasible to provide an independent and sustainable electricity supply, as well as contributing to improving the quality of life of the people in Kodamara Hamlet through the use of environmentally friendly solar energy. Keywords: Off-Grid, Solar Energy, System Planning, Peak Sun Hour
Copyright (c) 2026 Jihan Amelia Wasahua, Lory Marcus Parera, Marselin Jamlaay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
TINJAUAN PERHITUNGAN STRUKTUR ATAS GEDUNG PENDIDIKAN TERPADU IAIN AMBON METODE KEKUATAN BATAS
In Construction Project Management studies, it is essential to analyze and assess the stability and strength of building structures to determine their ability to resist applied loads. In the construction project of the Integrated Educational Building of IAIN Ambon, several structural elements were found not to meet the applicable standards. Therefore, the objective of this study is to design and redesign the dimensions and reinforcement system of the superstructure of the Integrated Educational Building of IAIN Ambon in accordance with the standards. The analysis was conducted using the Limit Strength Method in combination with SAP2000 v.25 to evaluate the safety and serviceability of the structure. The results of the study show that the dimensions of beams and columns meet the requirements of SNI 2847:2019, with dimensions of Beam B1: 750×350 mm, Beam B2: 650×350 mm, and Beam B3: 500×300 mm. Meanwhile, the slab with a thickness of 130 mm was deemed inadequate and replaced with a thickness of 200 mm. Based on the analysis results, the designed reinforcement system satisfies both strength and geometric requirements, ensuring safety and compliance with SNI 2847:2019. Keywords: Superstructure, Limit Strength Method, SAP2000, Safety, Design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fariz Vitran Akbar Maruapey, Pieter Lourens Frans, Maslan Abdin, Apri Adam Matitaputty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
EVALUASI KINERJA SALURAN SEKUNDER MOROKAI DAERAH IRIGASI SAMAL KANAN KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH
The Samal Kanan Irrigation Area in Central Maluku Regency, which has been operating since 2003, has experienced a decline in physical condition, particularly in the Morokai Secondary Canal. This study aims to evaluate the performance and physical infrastructure condition of the canal to determine the functional level of the irrigation system. The research employed a quantitative approach, with data collected through field surveys and discharge measurements and subsequently analyzed based on the guidelines stipulated in the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation Number 12/PRT/M/2015. The results indicate significant physical damage, including cracks, wall fractures, sedimentation, and vegetation that obstruct water flow. The measured discharge of 0.145 m³/s is lower than the design discharge of 0.594 m³/s. The Irrigation System Performance Index (ISPI) value of 58.2% falls into the poor category, indicating the need for major rehabilitation with an estimated cost of IDR 656,349,000 for a canal length of 525.36 meters. Keywords: canal discharge measurement, irrigation system performance index, Morokai Secondary Canal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prety Oktaviana, Rudi Serang, Maslan Abdin, Apri Adam Matitaputty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PERENCANAAN TALUD PENGAMAN TEBING SUNGAI DI YAYASAN AL-MADINAH DAERAH WARA RT.008/RW.019 JLN. WARASIA, BATU MERAH, KEC. SIRIMAU, KOTA AMBON
Riprap is a retaining wall that serves to maintain the stability of the soil and slopes. A gabion-type retaining wall is one method of river bank protection that uses a box-shaped galvanized steel wire mesh structure (gabion), which is filled with split stone. The active river located in the Wara area,Batu Merah Village, Ambon City, is the target of this study. Based on field data obtained by the author,one of which,is a statement from the head of the Al-Madinah Foundation, it is said that in the last 13 years there have been 2 floods and soil erosion by river (erosion) and the formation of water bends that slowly enter the foundation's riverbank area, requiring gabion planning as a solution to hold water runoff and soil carried by river water currents. The data used is soil data to obtain the friction angle,soil cohesion and soil bulk density. For the gabion wire mesh, thick galvanized mild steel wire with a tensile strength of 41-53 kgf/mm2 was used. The specific gravity of split stone used in this design was 1,500 kg/m³ for the gabion filler. These values refer to SNI 03-2834-2000 standards to produce adequate gabion dimensions with a structure that meets the safety factors for soil bearing capacity, overturning, and shear. The calculated overturning force was 72≥1.5 and the shear force was 36≥1.5, thus categorizing the gabion construction as safe. with dimensions of 2 x 1 x 0.5, 1 partition, and a capacity of 1 m³,with a total cost of Rp. 1,182,693,36.- Keywords: Retaining Wall; Gabion; River Bank
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadila Faradila Soo, Steanly R.R.Pattiselanno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
POTENSI AGREGAT LOKA DESA OUW, KECAMATAN SAPARUA TIMUR, KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH SEBAGAI PEMBUAT BETON
Concrete is a major construction material whose quality and strength are highly influenced by aggregate characteristics. This study utilized sand and coral from Motoni Beach, Ouw Village, East Saparua District, Central Maluku, to evaluate their feasibility as constituents of normal concrete. The objective was to design a concrete mixture with a target strength of 20 MPa and to analyze the resulting compressive strength. The research method was experimental in a laboratory, including aggregate characterization tests (moisture content, silt content, specific gravity, absorption, and Los Angeles abrasion), mix design calculation, preparation of cylindrical specimens (Ø15×30 cm), curing, and compressive strength tests at the ages of 7, 14, and 21 days. The results showed that Motoni sand met SNI requirements, while coral aggregate exhibited high absorption (7.30%), making it unsuitable as coarse aggregate for structural concrete. The maximum compressive strength was obtained at 14 days, reaching 21.69 MPa, but decreased to 17.17 MPa at 21 days, equivalent to 18.07 MPa at 28 days (conversion based on PBI 1971). This value did not meet the planned strength of 20 MPa. In conclusion, Motoni Beach sand is suitable as fine aggregate, whereas coral aggregate is only applicable for non-structural purposes. Keywords: Concrete, Beach Sand, Coral, Compressive Strength
Copyright (c) 2026 Greace Vilda Saptenno, Pieter Lourens Frans, Maslan Abdin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
IMPLEMENTASI PRESSURE TRANSMITTER SEBAGAI PENGUKUR TEKANAN PADA MODUL ICE CUBE MAKER UNTUK PRAKTIKUM SISTEM REFRIGERASI
Pressure measurement is a crucial parameter in refrigeration systems, serving as a primary indicator of system condition and performance. Pressure data not only reflects compressor workload but also enables the calculation of the Coefficient of Performance (COP) as a benchmark of system efficiency. However, the existing ice cube maker practicum module is not equipped with pressure measurement instruments, limiting practical analysis to visual observation and temperature measurement only. This study integrates a pressure transmitter into the ice cube maker module to provide accurate pressure data. Experimental results show that pressure measurements using the pressure transmitter are more precise and responsive to pressure variations, useful for detecting pressure surges, and capable of providing more accurate and detailed data on refrigeration system performance. Digital measurements yielded an average system operating power of 663.4 Watts with a deviation of 2.85%, while manual measurements produced an average power of 660 Watts with a deviation of 3.43%. Furthermore, digital measurements better represent the actual system operating conditions, resulting in a Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 3.13 with a deviation of 4.1%. Keywords: Pressure transmitter, Pressure Gauge, Refrigeration System
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunardi, Muhammad Nuriyadi, Widya Yeni Rawati, Warsono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
POTENSI DAN DESAIN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA ON GRID DI DESA PORTO, KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH
Solar energy is a promising renewable energy source for development, particularly through grid-connected solar power plant systems. This study aims to analyze the potential and design a grid-connected system to efficiently meet electricity needs. The methodology employed includes system capacity design, component selection, and performance simulation using PVSyst software. The design and simulation results indicate that a 135 kWp solar power plant system can generate 214.6 MWh of energy per year with a Performance Ratio (PR) of 84.88%. This PR achievement indicates an excellent level of system efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity that is fed into the grid. Thus, the designed grid-connected solar power system is feasible for implementation and contributes significantly to the provision of clean energy and the reduction of carbon emissions. Keywords: On-Grid PLTS, Pvsyst, Performance Ratio
Copyright (c) 2026 Lory Marcus Parera, Bobi Kainama2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analisis Bibliometrik Tren Penelitian Digital Twin untuk Predictive Maintenance pada Sistem Fotovoltaik
The rapid development of renewable energy systems has accelerated research on the integration of digital technologies in photovoltaic (PV) systems, particularly in predictive maintenance and intelligent monitoring. This study aims to analyze the research trends, thematic structure, and future research opportunities related to digital twin applications in predictive maintenance for photovoltaic systems using a bibliometric approach. Data were collected from the Scopus database using the query: (“digital twin” AND (“predictive maintenance” OR “fault detection” OR “condition monitoring”) AND (“photovoltaic” OR “solar energy” OR “PV system” OR “bifacial photovoltaic” OR “bifacial PV”)). The study analyzed 60 selected documents published between 2020 and 2026 using the PRISMA approach and VOSviewer visualization. The results indicate a significant increase in scientific publications after 2023, from 1 publication in 2020, 2 in 2021, 2 in 2022, and 4 in 2023, to 13 publications in 2024 and a peak of 32 publications in 2025. The network visualization analysis revealed that the dominant research topics were digital twin, photovoltaic systems, predictive maintenance, fault detection, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and renewable energy. Overlay visualization further showed a research shift from conventional fault diagnosis toward intelligent real-time monitoring systems based on AI, IoT, and predictive analytics. In addition, the bibliometric mapping demonstrated that bifacial photovoltaic technology has not yet emerged as a dominant research cluster or keyword in the existing literature network. This finding indicates that the integration of digital twin and predictive maintenance into bifacial photovoltaic systems remains underexplored and represents a promising future research direction. This study contributes to identifying the evolution of research trends and the emerging opportunities for developing intelligent and sustainable photovoltaic systems based on digital twin technology. Keywords: Digital Twin, Predictive Maintenance, Photovoltaic Systems, Bibliometric Analysis, Renewable Energy, Bifacial Photovoltaic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuhani, Ibnu Sina Al Farisi, Albin Putra Surbakti, Rika Romatona , Andi Ramadhan , Arya Sena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
IDENTIFIKASI KETERDAPATAN SEBARAN PASIR ZIRKON DI KECAMATAN KENDAWANGAN KABUPATEN KETAPANG
Zircon sand (Zr) is widely associated with alluvial deposits, particularly in Ketapang Regency. Despite the considerable zircon resource potential, information regarding its occurrence and spatial distribution at a local scale remains limited. Identifying zircon sand occurrence is therefore essential as an initial step in evaluating and developing Zr resource potential. This study aims to determine the occurrence and analyze the spatial distribution of zircon sand in Kendawangan District, Ketapang Regency. Geologically, the study area is predominantly composed of swampy mud deposits (Qs). The geomorphology consists of two main landform units: Alluvial Plain Unit (Al) covering approximately 65% and Swamp Plain Unit (Dr) covering 35%. A total of 24 boreholes were drilled on a 150 m × 150 m grid over an area of 200 hectares. The subsurface is classified into three layers (A, B, and C), with 1 kg samples collected from each layer. Spatial distribution mapping of Zr was conducted using QGIS with the Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation method. The Zr grade distribution in Layer A is dominated by low to moderate values (6–28 mg), relatively uniform across the study area, indicating low to moderate mineralization potential. In Layer B, Zr grades are predominantly high (39–62 mg) and widely distributed, particularly in the central to southern parts, suggesting higher mineralization potential and better prospectivity for exploration. Layer C exhibits more heterogeneous distribution, with moderate to high grades (28–50 mg) covering most of the area, indicating a fairly favorable mineralization potential. Keywords: Alluvial, Grade, Inverse Distance Weighting, Ketapang Regency, Layer, Spatial, Zircon Sand,
Copyright (c) 2026 Flaminggo Gingga, Desyana Ghafarunnisa, Muh Anhar, Sy. Indra Septiansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
EVALUASI KAPASITAS SALURAN DRAINASE DALAM MENAMPUNG LIMPASAN HUJAN DAN LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIC DI JL. SARIBU DOLOK SIMALUNGUN, INDONESIA
This study evaluates the capacity of drainage channels in accommodating stormwater runoff and domestic wastewater along Saribu Dolok Road, Simalungun Regency, Indonesia. Rapid population growth and escalating domestic activities in the area have led to increased volumes of wastewater and surface runoff, potentially exceeding the capacity of the existing drainage system. The objective of this research is to assess the adequacy of the current drainage infrastructure in handling projected hydrological loads. The methodology encompasses population projection analysis to estimate future domestic wastewater discharge, rainfall projection analysis to determine design rainfall intensities, and runoff discharge calculations employing standard hydrological methods. Furthermore, evapotranspiration analysis is conducted to refine water balance estimations, followed by hydraulic capacity assessment of the drainage channels and a comprehensive evaluation of the overall drainage system performance. The results reveal discrepancies between the existing channel capacities and the projected combined discharges from runoff and domestic wastewater, identifying segments that may underperform under peak conditions. These findings offer a technical foundation for pinpointing critical points in the drainage network and elucidating the interplay between hydrological inputs and channel performance under future scenarios. Keywords: Drainage Capacity, Runoff Discharge, Domestic Wastewater, Rainfall Projection, Evapotranspiration
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Mario Sidabutar, Rizky Simanjuntak, Rumila Harahap, Wisnu Prayogo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Analisis Bibliometrik dan Pemetaan Research Gap Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca pada Material Konstruksi Berkelanjutan Berbasis Data Scopus
The increasing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have become a critical issue in global climate change, with the construction sector a major contributor due to material use and energy consumption throughout the building life cycle. This study aims to analyse the development of scientific literature, map the intellectual structure, and identify research gaps related to GHG emissions in sustainable construction materials using a quantitative bibliometric research approach. Secondary data were collected from the Scopus database, consisting of 1,968 documents published during the period 2000–2026 (adjust to the actual year range in your data), and analyzed using VOSviewer and bibliometrix (R). The results indicate that greenhouse gases serve as the central theme, strongly connected to key topics such as the construction industry, environmental impact, energy, construction materials, and waste management. The network visualisation reveals several major clusters that reflect the field's multidisciplinary nature, including energy and buildings, environmental and waste management, sustainable construction materials, and environmental impact assessment. However, the interconnections among these clusters remain relatively weak, particularly in integrating construction materials with life-cycle-based emission analysis through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These findings highlight significant opportunities for future research to develop more comprehensive and integrated approaches in assessing GHG emissions within the construction sector. This study contributes theoretically to the advancement of bibliometric research and provides a foundation for developing low-carbon materials and policy strategies to support sustainable development Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Construction materials, Greenhouse gases, Sustainable construction, VOSviewer
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhhammad Irfansyah Bako, Aidil Azhar Sihotang, Rafli Ilhamdi Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI LEARNING MANAJEMEN SYSTEM BERBASIS WEBSITE PADA SMP NEGERI 19 MALUKU TENGAH
Advances in information technology have encouraged SMP Negeri 19, Central Maluku, to integrate digital-based learning systems to improve the quality of the teaching and learning process. This research aims to design and implement a website-based learning management system (LMS) at the junior high school level as a supporting medium for online and blended learning. The research method used is the Waterfall method, with stages including needs analysis, system design, development, implementation, and testing. The developed system's main features include learning material management, uploading and downloading assignments, online exams, and student learning outcome reports. The system was tested through a pilot study with teachers and students at SMP Negeri 19, Central Maluku, to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of LMS use. The results showed that the LMS increased student engagement in the learning process, facilitated teacher material management and assessment, and improved academic administration efficiency. Based on the evaluation results, the system was deemed suitable for use as a learning medium at SMP Negeri 19, Central Maluku, and could support the ongoing digital transformation of education. Keywords: Learning Management System, Website, Design, and Build
Copyright (c) 2026 Josseano Amakora Koli Parera, Caryl Alyona, Mey Chintya Yesaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PERHITUNGAN RAB STRUKTUR GEDUNG DAN PENJADWALAN PROYEK SMP RAJAWALI BANGSA KOTA AMBON
Cost and time calculations are indispensable in project implementation, namely cost budget management to help carry out the work. For real conditions in the field, the data obtained is only limited to working drawings while the data on the calculation of the Budget Plan Cost (RAB) and Time Schedule of the project is not obtained. The purpose of this study is to calculate the Budget Plan Cost (RAB) of the Rajawali Bangsa Junior High School building structure using AHSP in 2023 and plan the time schedule for the Rajawali Bangsa Junior High School building structure using the S Curve method. In this study the authors calculated the RAB using AHSP in 2023 and project scheduling using the S Curve method. The results of the calculations that have been carried out in this study obtained the cost required for the structure of the SMP Rajawali Bangsa building in Ambon City amounting to Rp 2.601.513.000,00 and the project scheduling calculated and planned using the S curve method on the structure of the SMP Rajawali Bangsa building in Ambon City resulted in a project implementation time schedule of 127 calendar days. Keywords: Building Structure, Project Scheduling, RAB
Copyright (c) 2026 Sukma Toisuta, La Mohamat Saleh, Delvia Rimesye Apalem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
PROSES PEMBUATAN SOLID CONVEYOR MENGGUNAKAN PENGELASAN SMAW DI PT SOCFINDO TANAH GAMBUS
A solid conveyor is one of the important pieces of equipment used in palm oil processing industries to transport solid materials continuously. This study aims to describe the fabrication process of a solid conveyor at PT SOCFINDO Tanah Gambus and to analyze the application of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) in the manufacturing process. The study was conducted through direct observation during an industrial internship program at the workshop division of PT SOCFINDO Tanah Gambus. The fabrication process included material preparation, cutting, flight screw forming, shaft fabrication, welding, assembly, inspection, and finishing. The results showed that the use of SMAW welding with E7016 electrodes produced strong and stable welded joints suitable for industrial conveyor applications. The conveyor design used a Schedule 80 steel pipe shaft, 8 mm steel plate flight screw, and UNP 100 support frame. The manufacturing process required accuracy in dimensional measurements, welding alignment, and assembly to ensure optimal conveyor performance. The implementation of proper fabrication procedures and welding techniques significantly affected the quality and durability of the solid conveyor used in palm oil processing operations. Keywords: Fabrication, Solid Conveyor, SMAW, Welding
Copyright (c) 2026 Abri Andry Saresa Marbun*, Windy Andaresta, Fatima Sari Ritonga, Bima Try Agustiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS KAPASITAS RUANG PARKIR SEPEDA MOTOR DI MALUKU CITY MALL KOTA AMBON
A solid conveyor is one of the important pieces of equipment used in palm oil processing industries to transport solid materials continuously. This study aims to describe the fabrication process of a solid conveyor at PT SOCFINDO Tanah Gambus and to analyze the application of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) in the manufacturing process. The study was conducted through direct observation during an industrial internship program at the workshop division of PT SOCFINDO Tanah Gambus. The fabrication process included material preparation, cutting, flight screw forming, shaft fabrication, welding, assembly, inspection, and finishing. The results showed that the use of SMAW welding with E7016 electrodes produced strong and stable welded joints suitable for industrial conveyor applications. The conveyor design used a Schedule 80 steel pipe shaft, 8 mm steel plate flight screw, and UNP 100 support frame. The manufacturing process required accuracy in dimensional measurements, welding alignment, and assembly to ensure optimal conveyor performance. The implementation of proper fabrication procedures and welding techniques significantly affected the quality and durability of the solid conveyor used in palm oil processing operations. Keywords: Parking, Dynamic Capacity, Static Capacity, Parking Space Unit, Maluku City Mall
Copyright (c) 2026 Teguh Aryanto Tamnge, Sammy G Amaheka, Febrino Wangean https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS NILAI KADAR ASPAL OPTIMUM DALAM PENGGUNAAN GETAH DAMAR (AGATHIS DAMMARA) SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI TERHADAP CAMPURAN ASPAL AC-WC
The performance of Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixtures is influenced not only by mechanical strength but also by volumetric stability. The utilization of locally available natural materials as asphalt modifiers has attracted increasing attention due to sustainability considerations and the need to reduce dependence on petroleum-based resources. Damar resin (Agathis dammara), which is widely available in Indonesia and possesses adhesive and thermoplastic characteristics, has the potential to be used as a partial asphalt substitute. However, its influence on the volumetric performance of AC-WC mixtures remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 4% damar resin substitution on the Marshall characteristics of AC-WC mixtures and to determine the asphalt content range that satisfies the Marshall design criteria. An experimental approach based on the Marshall method was employed by testing asphalt contents ranging from 5.0% to 7.0%. The evaluated parameters included stability, flow, voids in mix (VIM), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids filled with bitumen (VFB) in accordance with the 2018 General Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction issued by the Directorate General of Highways (Bina Marga). The results indicate that conventional AC-WC mixtures satisfied all Marshall specification requirements within the asphalt content range of 6.0%–7.0%. The addition of 4% damar resin increased Marshall stability, with the highest stability value reaching 1344.01 kg. Nevertheless, deviations in VIM and VFB were observed at several asphalt contents, indicating an imbalance in the internal void structure of the mixture. These findings reveal that although damar resin can improve mechanical performance, it does not necessarily enhance the overall quality of AC-WC mixtures due to its adverse effects on volumetric stability. Therefore, volumetric parameters should be considered critical indicators in evaluating the feasibility and long-term performance of damar-modified asphalt mixtures. Keywords: AC-WC mixture; damar resin; Marshall characteristics; optimum asphalt content; volumetric stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Nazib Tuhulele, Juliet G. Metekohy, S. G. M. Amaheka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
ANALISIS HUBUNGAN FUNDAMENTAL LALU LINTAS BERBASIS SMP DENGAN MODEL GREENSHIELDS
Traffic flow characteristics are commonly described through the relationship among traffic volume, speed, and density. On roads with mixed traffic conditions, particularly those dominated by motorcycles, the use of Passenger Car Units (PCU) is considered more representative for analyzing traffic performance. This study aimed to analyze the fundamental relationships among traffic volume, speed, and density based on PCU using the Greenshields model on Jalan Raya Mulya Sari, a two-lane two-way undivided road (2/2 UD). Field surveys were conducted on September 2, 2025, using a 5-minute observation interval. Traffic volume data were collected through manual traffic counts and converted into PCU based on the Indonesian Highway Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) 2023, while vehicle speeds were measured using a speed gun and converted into space mean speed. Traffic density was calculated from the relationship between traffic volume and speed. The analysis employed linear regression to establish the Greenshields speed-density model and derive other fundamental traffic relationships. The results showed that the speed-density relationship followed a negative linear pattern. The regression equation for the Junti direction was v = -1.43k + 49.18, while for the Balongan direction it was v = -0.98k + 42.92. The free-flow speeds were 49.18 km/h and 42.92 km/h, respectively. The maximum traffic capacities were estimated at 422.87 PCU/h for the Junti direction and 469.97 PCU/h for the Balongan direction. These findings indicate that the Greenshields model is capable of describing the fundamental traffic flow characteristics of mixed traffic conditions and can be used as a basis for evaluating road performance. Keywords: Greenshields model, Passenger car unit, Traffic density, Traffic volume, Vehicle speed
Copyright (c) 2026 Isra Yanuar Giu, Juang Akbardin, Erna Krisnanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/